In recent times, memorial architecture within the United States has increasingly become an approach used to examine and analyze certain difficult aspects of the country’s past. In recent years, universities, towns, and cultural organizations have provided funding for projects that acknowledge the legacy of slavery and racism, and create places of memory through memorial architecture. Most of these projects have involved integrating architecture, archaeology, historiography, and the community instead of relying only on traditional approaches to memorial. This has emerged in recent years as organizations reevaluate the role played by history in public space. From this approach, the architect is more than a designer.
Burt Pinnock has become associated with several of these efforts through projects that combine architecture with cultural heritage and public history. Based in Richmond, Virginia, Pinnock has worked on memorials and preservation initiatives that examine African American history through the built environment. His work has frequently involved partnerships with local governments, universities, historians, archaeologists, descendant communities, and nonprofit organizations. Rather than treating memorials as isolated structures, many of these projects have developed through extended public consultation and historical research before architectural concepts were finalized. This collaborative approach has become a recurring feature of his professional practice.
One of the largest projects associated with Pinnock is the Shockoe Project in Richmond. Led by the City of Richmond, the initiative seeks to preserve and interpret one of the nation’s most significant sites connected to the domestic slave trade. The city states that the project includes improvements to the Richmond Slave Trail, the Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground, Lumpkin’s Jail, Reconciliation Plaza, the planned Shockoe Institute, and recommendations for a National Slavery Museum experience. The city has allocated approximately $58 million for the initiative through municipal, state, and philanthropic funding, including support from the Mellon Foundation. Baskervill, led by Pinnock, serves as the design team for the overall project.
The Richmond Slave Trail represents another long-running preservation effort connected with Pinnock’s work. The trail links locations that illustrate Richmond’s role in the domestic slave trade while providing historical interpretation throughout the city. The next stages of the Shockoe Project have brought together the development of the memorial trail as a part of a greater strategy that involves connecting memorial landscapes, archaeology, educational opportunities, and gathering spaces. This approach to memorializing is described in the city’s master plans as creating an interconnected destination that fosters understanding of history in many places instead of focusing on a particular monument.
Pinnock has also worked on memorializing institutional history at universities. At William & Mary, he was the architect of record for the Hearth: Memorial to the Enslaved, which acknowledges almost 170 years of the presence of enslaved labor within the university. The memorial resulted from years of research and consultation with students, faculty members, descendants, and community members. This project is professionally acknowledged by receiving the National Organization of Minority Architects Honor Award. The university represents the memorial as part of a broader initiative to address its institutional history and relationships with slavery through a memorial public space.
At the University of Richmond, Pinnock’s work includes designing a Burying Ground Memorial after years of research and public consultation. The university-sponsored research revealed the location of a burial ground of the enslaved and previous disturbances that took place there during campus development. The memorialization committee was created in 2020 with the help of descendant representatives, historians, archaeologists, faculty members, and community representatives to make recommendations. With the help of ground-penetrating radar surveys and archaeological investigations, the plan to preserve the historic topography of the space and leave the sacred land undisturbed was developed. Construction started in 2024, and the memorial opened in 2025.
Another project associated with Pinnock’s portfolio is the Virginia Civil Rights Memorial Plaza in Richmond. According to AIA Virginia, his work has included planning and design contributions connected with the plaza alongside projects for the Black History Museum and Cultural Center of Virginia and the Richmond Slave Trail Commission. These commissions reflect a consistent focus on civic spaces that combine historical interpretation with contemporary public use. Rather than approaching preservation as the restoration of buildings alone, the projects frequently integrate landscape architecture, interpretive features, and community participation to strengthen public understanding of historical places.
The methods used across these projects share several common characteristics. Historical research is conducted alongside architectural planning. Archaeological investigations inform design decisions where appropriate. Descendant communities participate in workshops and consultations before concepts are finalized. Public institutions contribute historical records and educational resources. These processes demonstrate how memorial architecture has increasingly become a collaborative field involving multiple disciplines rather than architecture alone. Pinnock has discussed similar ideas in public lectures and his published essay A Modern Imperative, where he argues that architecture should respond to broader civic responsibilities instead of functioning solely as a design exercise.
Overall, these projects have helped contribute to larger conversations about how difficult histories have been remembered in the American built environment. There have been more instances of cities and universities recognizing the need for memorials, historic landscapes, and public sites to remember histories which have not received much public recognition in the past. As part of this larger trend, Burt Pinnock has worked on projects that have combined architecture, preservation, archaeology, and community involvement to help create places for memory, learning, and discussion. In contrast to the traditional use of a single monument, he has mostly focused on landscapes and public spaces that may help history remain part of civic discourse.
